Comparación entre uso y no uso de antibióticos profilácticos en pancreatitis aguda grave: ensayo clínico aleatorizado: reporte preliminar / Comparison between use and non-use of prophylactic antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis: randomized clinical trial: preliminary report

Resumen Introducción: La pancreatitis aguda es una enfermedad frecuente en el país, con una tasa de mortalidad de 10%-30%. La administración profiláctica de antibióticos ha sido parte del tratamiento de pancreatitis aguda grave (PAG), por la teórica prevención de complicaciones infecciosas y reducción de mortalidad. Sin embargo, la evidencia científica disponible es controversial. Objetivo: Demostrar que los antibióticos profilácticos no disminuyen las complicaciones locales y/o sistémicas, requerimiento de Unidad de Paciente Crítico (UPC), ni mortalidad en PAG. Definimos PAG como APACHE II ≥ 8 o PCR ≥ 150 o falla multiorgánica. Material y Método: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, con aleatorización simple mediante tabla electrónica (uso o no uso de antibióticos profilácticos) de pacientes con PAG. En el grupo que usó antibióticos profilácticos se utilizó ciprofloxacino y metronidazol por 7 días. El resto del manejo no tuvo variación. Resultados: n = 71, dos grupos aleatorizados; Grupo 1 (n = 35), sin uso de antibióticos profilácticos, y grupo 2 (n = 36) con uso de profilaxis antibiótica. 12 pacientes (16%) requirieron UPC; 6 pacientes del grupo 1, y 6 del grupo 2 (p = 0,957). Siete pacientes (9,8%) tuvieron algún tipo de complicación, 3 en el grupo 1 y 4 en el grupo 2 (p = 0,516). El promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue 18,2 ± 9,5 días en el grupo 1, y 22,6 ± 29.2 días en el grupo 2 (p = 0,495). Mortalidad: 1 paciente (1,41%) en el grupo 2 (p = 0,493). Conclusión: En este reporte preliminar, el uso de antibióticos profilácticos en PAG no mostró reducir las complicaciones, necesidad de cama en UPC, ni la mortalidad.

Introduction: Acute pancreatitis is a common disease in the country, with a mortality rate of 10%-30%. The prophylactic administration of antibiotics has been part of the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), due to the theoretical prevention of infectious complications and mortality reduction. However, the available scientific evidence is controversial. Objective: To demonstrate that prophylactic antibiotics do not reduce local and/or systemic complications, critical patient unit (CPU) requirement, or mortality in SAP. We define SAP as APACHE II ≥ 8 or PCR ≥ 150° or multiorgan failure. Material and Method: Randomized clinical trial, with simple randomization by electronic table (use or non-use of prophylactic antibiotics) of patients with SAP. In the group that used prophylactic antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and metronidazole were used for 7 days. Results: n = 71, two randomized groups; Group 1 (n = 35), without the use of prophylactic antibiotics, and group 2 (n = 36) with the use of antibiotic prophylaxis. 12 patients (16%) required CPU; 6 patients from group 1, and 6 from group 2 (p = 0.957). Seven patients (9.8%) had some type of complication, 3 in group 1 and 4 in group 2 (p = 0.516). The average hospital stay was 18.2 ± 9.5 days in group 1, and 22.6 ± 29.2 days in group 2 (p = 0.495). Mortality: 1 patient (1.41%) in group 2 (p = 0.493). Conclusion: In this preliminary report, the use of prophylactic antibiotics in SAP was not shown to reduce complications, need for bed in CPU, or mortality.

Impacto socioeconómico del manejo actual de la pancreatitis aguda de origen biliar severa: estudio comparativo / Socioeconomic impact of the current management of severe biliary acute pancreatitis: comparative study

RESUMEN Objetivo La pancreatitis aguda de origen biliar es una patología gastrointestinal común, en donde el tratamiento oportuno es el pilar más importante a pesar de sus discrepancias. El objetivo del estudio es establecer el impacto socioeconómico en el manejo actual de esta patología, comparando dos hospitales de tercer nivel de estrato socioeconómico alto y bajo de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, comparativo de corte transversal entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2017, en dos hospitales de Bogotá D. C. Se evaluaron sus características socioeconómicas, género, tiempo de evolución al momento de la consulta, Marshall score, estancia en UCI, estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones, manejo quirúrgico y mortalidad. Resultados Se analizaron 101 pacientes de dos estratos socioeconómicos diferentes (alto y bajo). Se encontró que los pacientes de estrato bajo tienen un riesgo diez veces mayor de requerir un procedimiento quirúrgico. Asimismo, registraron una mayor mortalidad en comparación con pacientes de estrato alto (11,3% vs. 4,2%). También se evidenciaron más complicaciones en el grupo de nivel socioeconómico bajo con respecto al alto, como en la falla exocrina (81,1% vs. 31,3%) y el síndrome compartimental (35,8% vs. 4,2%). Conclusión Se encuentra mayor morbimortalidad en los pacientes de bajo nivel socioeconómico en el contexto de esta patología. Este estudio puede guiar a nuevas investigaciones acerca del impacto socioeconómico en los desenlaces de pancreatitis aguda severa.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objetive Acute pancreatitis of biliary origin is a common gastrointestinal pathology, in which timely management still is the most important. The aims of this research is establish the socioeconomic impact in the current management of severe acute pancreatitis of biliary origin comparing two centers of the third level, one of high socioeconomic population and another of low in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional comparative study was conducted between January 2012 and December 2017, in two hospitals of Bogotá DC. We evaluated their socioeconomic characteristics, gender, time of evolution at the time of consultation, Marshall score, ICU stay, hospital stay, complications, surgical management and mortality. Results 101 patients from two different socioeconomic strata (high and low) were analyzed, where a 10 times higher risk of requiring a surgical procedure in the group of patients with low stratum was found, as well as a higher mortality compared with those of high stratum. (11.3% Vs 4.2%). There were also more complications in the low socioeconomic group with respect to the high, as in the exocrine failure (81.1% vs 31.3%) and the compartment syndrome (35.8% vs 4.2%). Conclusion There is greater morbidity and mortality in patients of low socioeconomic status in the context of this pathology. This study can guide new research that increases the clarity of the socioeconomic impact on the outcomes of severe acute pancreatitis.(AU)

Evolution of incidence, mortality and cost of nontraumatic abdominal emergencies treated in Brasil in a period of nine years

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, mortality and cost of non-traumatic abdominal emergencies treated in Brazilian emergency departments. METHODS: This paper used DataSus information from 2008 to 2016 (http://www.tabnet.datasus.gov.br). The number of hospitalizations, costs - AIH length of stay and mortality rates were described in acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, acute diverticulitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, and inflammatory intestinal disease. RESULTS: The disease that had the highest growth in hospitalization was diverticular bowel disease with an increase of 68.2%. For the period of nine years, there were no significant changes in the average length of hospital stay, with the highest increase in gastric and duodenal ulcer with a growth of 15.9%. The mortality rate of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease increased by 95.63%, which is significantly high when compared to the other diseases. All had their costs increased but the one that proportionally had the highest increase in the last nine years was the duodenal and gastric ulcer, with an increase of 85.4%. CONCLUSION: Non-traumatic abdominal emergencies are extremely prevalent. Hence, the importance of having updated and comparative data on the mortality rate, number of hospitalization and cost generated by these diseases to provide better healthcare services in public hospitals.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução da Incidência, mortalidade e custo das urgências abdominais não traumáticas atendidas nos serviços de emergência do Brasil durante o período de nove anos. MÉTODOS: Este trabalho utilizou informações do DataSus de 2008 a 2016, (http://www.tabnet.datasus.gov.br). Foram analisados número de internações, valor médio das internações (AIH), valor total das internações, dias de permanência hospitalar e taxa de mortalidade das seguintes doenças: apendicite aguda, colecistite aguda, pancreatite aguda, diverticulite aguda, úlcera gástrica e duodenal, e doença inflamatória intestinal. RESULTADOS: A doença que teve o maior crescimento do número de internações foi a doença diverticular do intestino, com o valor de 68,2%. Ao longo dos nove anos não houve grandes variações da média de permanência hospitalar, sendo que o maior aumento foi o da úlcera gástrica e duodenal, com crescimento de 15,9%. A taxa de mortalidade da doença por úlcera gástrica e duodenal teve um aumento de 95,63%, consideravelmente significante quando comparada com as outras doenças. Todas tiveram seus valores de AIH aumentados, porém, a que proporcionalmente teve o maior aumento nos últimos nove anos foi a úlcera gástrica e duodenal, com um acréscimo de 85,4%. CONCLUSÃO: As urgências abdominais de origem não traumática são de extrema prevalência, por isso a importância em ter dados atualizados e comparativos sobre a taxa de mortalidade, o número de internações e os custos gerados por essas doenças, para melhor planejamento dos serviços públicos de saúde.

Índice clínico de gravedad en pancreatitis aguda como predictor de mortalidad en pancreatitis aguda en el servicio de urgencias / Bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis as a predictor of mortality in acute pancreatitis in the Emergency Service

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el BISAP como predictor de mortalidad en pancreatitis aguda en el servicio de urgencias. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda atendidos en urgencias; se formaron dos grupos de acuerdo con el puntaje de BISAP, bajo riesgo (0-2) y alto riesgo (3-5). El tamaño de la muestra para cada grupo fue de 23,76; sin embargo; se trabajó con 111 pacientes de bajo riesgo y 23 de alto riesgo. La técnica muestral fue no aleatoria por cuota. La mortalidad se midió a las 24 h y a los 7 días. El análisis estadístico incluyó regresión logística y cálculo de la probabilidad. Resultados: Cuando el puntaje BISAP es de alto riesgo, la probabilidad de morir a las 24 h es del 22,7%, y del 76,5% a los 7 días (Chi2 = 13,91; p = 0,002). Discusión y conclusión: El score BISAP permite predecir la probabilidad de morir a las 24 h y a los 7 días.

Abstract Objective: To determine BISAP as a predictor of mortality in acute pancreatitis in the Emergency Service. Materials and methods: A cohort study in acute pancreatitis in emergency service, two groups were formed according to BISAP score, low risk (0-2) and high risk (3-5). The total sample for each group was 23.76, nevertheless it was worked with 111 patients of low risk and 23 of high risk. The sampling technique was non-randomized by quota. Mortality was measured at 24 h and at 7 days. Statistical analysis included logistic regression and probability calculation. Results: When the BISAP score is high risk the probability of dying at 24 h is 22.7% and 76.5% at 7 days (Chi2 = 13.91, P=.002). Discussion and conclusion: The BISAP score allows predicting the probability of dying at 24 h and at 7 days.

Caracterización epidemiológica, clínica y quirúrgica de pacientes con pancreatitis aguda / Characterization epidemiological, clinical and surgical patients with acute pancreatitis

Antecedentes: La pancreatitis aguda constituye una enfermedad con repercusión local y sistémica. Actualmente, fue adoptándose por muchos países, la clasificación de pancreatitis establecida por Petrov y Windsor, basa en el compromiso local y sistémico de la enfermedad. Objetivos: Establecer la clasificación de pancreatitis según Petrov y Windsor, determinar las causas, registrar datos epidemiológicos, establecer el tratamiento, las complicaciones y mortalidad asociadas. Materiales y métodos: pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda que ingresaron al Servicio de Cirugía General desde enero a diciembre de 2014, analizados de manera retrospectiva en un análisis descriptivo de corte transverso. Resultados: Fuero ingresados 271 pacientes con pancreatitis aguda, 75,27% correspondió a la forma leve, 56,37% al sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 48,9 y la etiología fue litiasica en 86,27%. Fue realizada colecistectomía en 77,27% de los pacientes sin complicaciones con mortalidad nula. La forma moderada se registró 9,59%, grave en 11,07% y crítica en 4,05% con elevada mortalidad en esta última. Conclusiones: Se registró un predominio de pacientes adultos jóvenes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda leve de etiología litiasica operados en su mayoría durante la internación con resultados satisfactorios. Los cuadros graves fueron de resorte quirúrgicos con elevados índices de morbimortalidad.

Background: Acute pancreatitis is a disease with local and systemic impact. Currently, was being adopted by many countries, the classification of pancreatitis established by Petrov and Windsor, based on local and systemic disease involvement. Objectives: To establish the classification of pancreatitis according Petrov and Windsor, determine the causes, epidemiological data register, establish treatment, complications and mortality. Materials and Methods: Adult patients with acute pancreatitis admitted to Department of General Surgery from January to December 2014, retrospectively analyzed in a descriptive analysis of transverse cut. Results: There were 271 patients admitted with acute pancreatitis, 75.27% were mild form, 56.37% female, with an average age of 48.9 and etiology was lithiasic at 86.27%. Cholecystectomy was performed in 77.27% of patients without complications with zero mortality. The moderately up at 9.59%, 11.07% and severe in criticism 4.05% with high mortality in the latter. Conclusions: The prevalence of young adult patients with acute pancreatitis etiology lithiasic slightest operated mostly during hospitalization were recorded with satisfactory results. The pictures were serious surgical spring with high rates of morbidity and mortality.

Recent Advances in Management of Acute Pancreatitis / 대한소화기학회지

Acute pancreatitis is common but remains a condition with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite a better understanding of the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis achieved during the past few decades, there is no specific pharmacologic entity available. Therefore, supportive care is still the mainstay of treatment. Recently, novel interventions for increasing survival and minimizing morbidity have been investigated, which are highlighted in this review.

Mortalidad de la pancreatitis aguda: experiencia de 20 años en el Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile / Mortality of acute pancreatitis in a 20 years period

Background: Mortality for acute pancreatitis (AP) in Chile has fluctuated between 7 ana 10% in last years. Aim: To evaluate AP mortality over a period of 20 years in a clinical hospital in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Review of the database of hospital discharges with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, between 1990 and 2010 and the medical records of those patients. Age, gender, length of hospital stay, surgeries, percutaneous interventions and mortality were registered. To compare the evolution of the disease over time, patients were divided in two groups: those hospitalized between 1990 and 1999 and those hospitalized between 2000 and 2010. Results: We reviewed the records of 1367 patients with a median age of 48 years (48% men). In the first period, 93 of637 (14.6%) patients died, whereas in the second period, 22 of 730 patients died (3.0%). In the first and second period, 41.9 and 25.3% of patients were subjected to surgical procedures. The hospital stay was shorter in the second group, compared with the first (14.2 and 25.9 days respectively). Conclusions: There was a decrease in mortality caused by AP in the last 10 years, probably associated with a better interdisciplinary management of these patients.

Índice clínico de gravedad en pancreatitis aguda: BISAP ("Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis"): Dos años de experiencia en el Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile / Bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP) score as predictor of clinical outcome in acute pancreatitis: Retrospective review of 128 patients

Background: Identification of patients at risk for severe disease early in the course of acute pancreatitis (AP) is essential to optimize management and to improve outcomes. Aim: To assess BISAP score as a predictor of severity of AP. Patients and Methods: Retrospective review of AP patients between January 2009 and December 2010. BISAP, APACHE II and Balthazar scores were calculated. Length of stay, local complications, organ failure and mortality were registered. Accuracy of the scoring system for predicting severity was measured by the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC). Results: The medical records of 128 patients, median age 46.5 years (55.5% men), were reviewed. Mean hospital stay was 15 days, 18 patients (14%) had local complications, 7 patients (5.4%) developed organ failure and 2 patients died (1.6%). The AUC for BISAP score to detect organ failure was 0.977 (95% IC 0.947-1.000). A BISAP score > 3 had a sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of 71.4, 99.1, 83.3 and 98.3% respectively. An APACHE II score > 8 had a sensitivity and specificity of 71.5 and 86.8% respectively. The figures for a Balthazar score > 6 were 42.8 and 98.3% respectively. There was a significant correlation between BISAP score and length of hospital stay. Conclusions: BISAP score was a useful method for predicting the severity of PA, with the advantage of being simple and based on parameters obtained on the first day of hospitalization. Its sensitivity and specificity were superior to APACHE II and Balthazar score in this cohort.

Early computerized tomographic scan in mild pancreatitis may be deceiving: an experience of tertiary care hospital

To assess the justification of Computerized Tomographic [CT] scan for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis at early stage and its impact on mortality and morbidity of patients. It was a retrospective study conducted at Radiology Department Dow University of Health Sciences from April 2009 to August 2011. Patients were diagnosed as acute pancreatitis both clinically and radiologically. Severity of acute pancreatitis was clinically assessed by Ranson's criteria and radiologically by Balthazar CT Grading and CT Severity Index. Fourteen of the total 131 included patients underwent early CT scan at 4-12 hour after start of symptoms of abdominal pain and vomiting and were normal radiologically[10.68% out of total 131 patients presented with acute pancreatitis. These patients revisited at 24-36 hours, with severe epigastric pain and on follow-up CT scan on re-admission, two patients showed intra and peripancreatic collections, swollen pancreas with peripancreatic fat necrosis without necrotizing pancreatitis [Balthazar Grade-E] and moderate pancreatitis according to CT Severity Index[four points]; Three patients had 30% pancreatic necrosis with Balthazar grade-E changes and according to CT Severity Index moderate pancreatitis[2+4=6]; Two patients had 30-50% necrosis and rated as Balthazar Grade-E and labeled as severe necrotizing pancreatitis according to CT Severity Index[4+4=8]; while Seven patients showed severe necrotizing pancreatitis with >50% of pancreatic necrosis according to CT Severity Index[6+4] along with Balthazar Grade-E pancreatitis[6+4=10]. Patients with severity index of 10 had 100% mortality. Early CT scan has very little role in diagnosing and determining severity of disease or in predicting prognosis of patients.

Fatal ascaris pancreatitis

Gastrointestinal parasites are an uncommon cause of biliary and pancreatic obstruction in the Arabian Gulf; it could have serious complications and even mortality. A Bengali male thirty-two year old patient recently arrived in Bahrain for presented with all the features of acute pancreatitis, no evidence of gallstones or alcohol abuse. He died despite all the therapeutic measures. Endoscopy revealed an Ascaris lumbricoides within the ampulla of Vater. Ascariasis is uncommon cause of acute pancreatitis, which should not be ignored

Protocolo de tratamiento y resultados de pancreatitis aguda: estudio de cohorte / Retrospective review of 251 patients with acute pancreatitis

Background: The severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) can be assessed using the Atlanta classification. Different clinical guides have been developed for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. Aim: To report a retrospective series of patients with AP. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of 251 patients with AP, aged 53 +/- 18 years (54 percent females). Severity was assessed using Atlanta classification, the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score and C reactive protein (CRP) were used as prognostic indicators. Results: Cholelithiasis was the etiology of pancreatitis in 85 percent of patients. According to Atlanta classification 68 percent had a mild disease. Seven percent of patients had local complications and 9 percent died. Conclusions: Biliary lithiasis was the most common etiology of AP in this series of patients and 68 percent had a mild disease.

Introducción: La pancreatitis aguda (PA) es una patología asociada a una significativa morbilidad y mortalidad. La clasificación de gravedad se basa en los criterios de Atlanta. Diversas guías clínicas han sido desarrolladas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta patología. Nuestro objetivo es describir la experiencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la PA y evaluar los predictores de gravedad utilizados con la morbilidad y mortalidad asociada a esta patología en un centro de referencia. Materiales y Método: Cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con diagnóstico de PA entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2006. La gravedad fue determinada según los criterios de Atlanta. Los predictores de gravedad utilizados han sido modificados de la guía clínica del Reino Unido. Resultados: Se incluyeron 253 pacientes con PA. La etiología más frecuente fue la patología litiásica biliar en un 84,5 por ciento. El 32 por ciento de los pacientes presentó una pancreatitis aguda grave (PAG). Complicaciones locales se presentaron en 7 por ciento de los pacientes. La mortalidad global de la serie fue de un 9 por ciento. Conclusiones: La etiología más frecuente de PA en nuestro centro es la litiasis biliary el cuadro clínico leve. Nuestra serie presenta un porcentaje elevado de pacientes con PAG, con porcentajes de complicaciones y mortalidad comparable con cifras nacionales e internacionales.

Evaluación de la escala de BISAP en el pronóstico de la pancreatitis aguda / Assessment of a predictive score for complications and mortality among patients with acute pancreatitis

Background: It is important to stratify patients with acute pancreatitis according to their risk. Many staging systems for acute pancreatitis have been proposed, each with advantages and disadvantages. Aim: To evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the BISAP system. Material and Methods: Retrospective crosses sectional study, which included all patients that presented with acute pancreatitis to a private hospital in Mexico City from 2003 to 2009. The variables needed to calculate BISAP and complications were obtained from the medical records. Results: The records of 345 patients with a mean aged of 52 years (57 percent males) were analyzed. Twelve percent had complications and 2.3 percent died. Patients with a BISAP score over three had a significantly higher mortality. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of a BISAP score over three for mortality were 12.5, 92.9 and 4 percent, respectively. Conclusions: Because of its high negative predictive value and specificity the BISAP system can be used to stratify patients who are at low risk for complications related to pancreatitis. If the patient has a score of 3 or higher it is necesary to use other scoring systems which are more sensitive and have a higher positive predictive value.

La pancreatitis aguda afecta aproximadamente a 200.000 personas por año en los Estados Unidos. Puede cursar de manera leve o de manera agresiva con una morbi-mortalidad alta. Es importante estratificar a los pacientes de manera temprana de acuerdo a su riesgo. Nosotros analizamos el sistema BISAP y determinamos su sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo en relación a morbi-mortalidad. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio transversal retrospectivo e incluimos a todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda en un hospital privado de tercer nivel en la ciudad de México desde el 2003 a 2009. Se obtuvo la morbi-mortalidad y las variables necesarias para calcular el BISAP. Se estratificaron los pacientes. Se utilizó la prueba de Fisher para comparación de variables. Resultados: 345 pacientes fueron incluidos. Edad promedio de 51,8 años. La morbilidad fue de 11,6 por ciento y la mortalidad 2,3 por ciento. Conforme aumentaba el puntaje BISAP había una tendencia hacia más morbilidad. Dividimos la población en un grupo de BISAP bajo (< 3) y un grupo con BISAP alto (> = 3) y observamos una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en cuanto a la morbilidad de ambos grupos. El BISAP tiene una alta especificidad y valor predictivo negativo. Su sensibilidad y valor predictivo positivo son pobres. Conclusiones: Dado su alto valor predictivo negativo y especificidad el BISAP se puede utilizar para estratificar los pacientes que tienen un bajo riesgo de presentar pancreatitis aguda severa relacionada con morbilidad. Si el paciente examinado presenta un BISAP > = 3, creemos necesario utilizar otro sistema con más sensibilidad y valor predictivo positivo para el manejo.

Pancreatitis aguda: Análisis de 97 pacientes / Acute pancreatitis: Analysis of 97 patients

La pancreatitis aguda (PA) es una patología con múltiples etiologías y de curso clínico diverso. En nuestro medio son escasas las comunicaciones acerca de esta entidad y en general abordan temas puntuales dentro del amplio espectro del cuadro. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar las características clínicas, la etiología, el manejo y la evolución de los pacientes internados en nuestra institución con diagnóstico de PA. Se analizaron retrospectivamente los registros clínicos de los pacientes con diagnóstico de PA entre abril de 2004 y abril de 2007. Se evaluaron los datos poblacionales, etiología, tratamiento instaurado, gravedad y morbimortalidad. En el período analizado, 97 pacientes fueron internados con diagnóstico de PA. Cuarenta y nueve fueron de sexo masculino (50.5%). La edad promedio fue de 58.5 ± 1.6 años (rango 21-93). Noventa y dos pacientes presentaron un solo episodio de PA, y 5 pacientes dos o más episodios (pancreatitis recurrente). Según su etiología, 48 fueron de origen biliar, 23 idiopáticas, 11 post-procedimientos en la vía biliar, 2 de origen alcohólico y 13 de otras causas. La mediana de estadía hospitalaria fue 7 días. El 25% requirió internación en Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Según la escala de Ranson la mayoría de los pacientes (n: 66; 72%) presentaron cuadros leves. La mediana de inicio de alimentación oral fue de 3 días. Con respecto a las complicaciones, 13% presentaron falla multiorgánica, 8% necrosis pancreática (4 infectadas), sólo un paciente desarrolló un seudoquiste y otro un absceso pancreático. La mortalidad fue 7.2% (7 casos, todos con Ranson ≥ 3). La PA de origen biliar resultó ser la más común y si bien la presente es una serie pequeña, llama la atención el bajo número de PA de origen alcohólico. Aunque el número de complicaciones locales fue menor, la mortalidad fue similar a la descripta en la literatura. Nuestros datos también son coincidentes en cuanto al manejo y pronóstico de la PA. El presente trabajo actualiza la casuística en Argentina.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a disease with several causes and diverse clinical course. In our environment there are not many papers on this entity and they approach punctual features inside the broad spectrum picture. The aim of this study is to determinate clinical features, etiology, handling and evolution of patients diagnosed with AP admitted in our Hospital during a three years period. The clinical records of patients with AP admitted at the British Hospital of Buenos Aires between April 2004 and April 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic data, etiology, treatment, severity of the illness, morbidity and mortality were evaluated. Ninety seven patients were diagnosed with AP during the analyzed period. Forty nine were male (50.5%). The average age was 58.5 ± 1.6 years (range 21-93). Ninety two patients presented only one episode of AP and five patients suffered two or more (recurrent pancreatitis). According to the etiology, 48 had a biliary origin, 23 were idiopathic, 11 post biliary tract procedures, 2 recognized an alcoholic origin and 13 other causes. The median hospital stay was 7 days. Twenty five percent required admission in Intensive Care Unit. Most of the patients (n: 66; 72%) presented mild episodes according to the Ranson Score. The median of beginning oral feeding was 3 days. Regarding to complications, 13% have multiple organ failure, 8% pancreatic necrosis (4 infected), only one patient had a pseudocist and another patient a peripancreatic abscess. Mortality rate was 7.2% (7 cases, all with Ranson = 3). Although this is a short series, the biliar origin is still the most prevalent etiology in our population. The low number of alcoholic origin caught our attention. Mortality was similar to that described in other series, but the number of local complications was lower. Our data are consistent with other papers regarding management and prognosis, and update the Argentine casuistic.

Changes in the management of patients with severe acute pancreatitis / Mudanças no manejo de doentes com pancreatite aguda grave

BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis is present in up to 25 percent of patients with acute pancreatitis, with considerable mortality. Changes in the management of acute pancreatitis in the last 2 decades contributed to reduce the mortality. AIM: To show the evolution in the management of severe acute pancreatitis, comparing two different approaches. METHODS: All patients with severe acute pancreatitis from 1999 to 2005 were included. We compared the results of a retrospective review from 1999 to 2002 (group A) with a prospective protocol, from 2003 to 2005 (group B). In group A severe pancreatitis was defined by the presence of systemic or local complications. In group B the Atlanta criteria were used to define severity. The variables analyzed were: age, gender, etiology, APACHE II, leukocytes, bicarbonate, fluid collections and necrosis on computed tomography, surgical treatment and mortality. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were classified as severe, 24 in group A and 47 in group B. The mean APACHE II in groups A and B were 10.7 ± 3.5 and 9.3 ± 4.5, respectively. Necrosis was seen in 12 patients (50 percent) in group A and in 21 patients (44.7 percent) in group B. Half of the patients in group A and two (4.3 percent) in group B underwent to pancreatic interventions. Mortality reached 45.8 percent in group A and 8.5 percent in group B. CONCLUSION: A specific approach and a prospective protocol can change the results in the treatment of patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

RACIONAL: A pancreatite aguda grave está presente em até 25 por cento dos doentes com pancreatite aguda, com mortalidade considerável. Mudanças no tratamento da pancreatite aguda nas últimas duas décadas contribuíram para a redução da mortalidade destes doentes. OBJETIVO: Mostrar a evolução do manejo da pancreatite aguda, comparando duas diferentes abordagens. MÉTODOS: Todos os doentes com pancreatite aguda grave de 1999 a 2005 do Serviço de Emergência da Santa Casa de São Paulo, SP, foram incluídos. Os resultados de uma revisão retrospectiva de 1999 para 2002 (grupo A) foram comparados com um protocolo prospectivo, de 2003 para 2005 (grupo B). No grupo A, a pancreatite grave era definida pela presença de complicações sistêmicas ou locais. No grupo B os critérios de Atlanta foram utilizados para definir a gravidade. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, etiologia, APACHE II, leucócitos, bicarbonato, coleções e necrose na tomografia, tratamento cirúrgico e mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Setenta e um doentes foram classificados como graves, 24 no grupo A e 47 no grupo B. A média do APACHE II nos grupos A e B foram 10,7 ± 3,5 e 9,3 ± 4,5, respectivamente. A necrose foi vista em 12 doentes (50 por cento) no grupo A e em 21 doentes (44,7 por cento) no grupo B. Metade dos doentes no grupo A e dois (4,3 por cento) no grupo B foram submetidos a operação pancreática. A mortalidade foi de 45,8 por cento no grupo A e 8,5 por cento no grupo B. CONCLUSÃO: Uma abordagem específica e um protocolo prospectivo podem mudar os resultados no tratamento de doentes com pancreatite aguda grave.

The influence of treatment access regulation and technological resources on the mortality profile of acute biliary pancreatitis / A influência da regulação do acesso aos serviços de saúde e da incorporação tecnológica no perfil de mortalidade da pancreatite aguda biliar

PURPOSE: The influence of treatment access regulation and technological resources on the mortality profile of acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) was evaluated. METHODS: The cases seen in a tertiary hospital were studied during two periods of time: 1995-1999 and 2000-2004, i.e., before and after the implementation of medical regulation. RESULTS: Among the 727 patients with acute pancreatitis, 267 had ABP and were classified according to APACHE II scores. The cases being referred to the tertiary hospital decreased from 441 to 286 (p < 0.001). The patients' profile regarding age, gender, severity, cholestasis incidence and mortality were similar during the first and second periods of study (n = 154 and n = 113, respectively). The number of patients with hematocrit > 44 percent was smaller during the second study period (p<0.002). The use of magnetic resonance cholangiography, videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy, and access to the ICU were found to be more frequent during the second study period. Regarding the deaths occurring within 14 days of hospitalisation, 73.4 percent and 81.3 percent were observed during the first and second study periods, respectively. CONCLUSION: Since the improvement in clinical and technological approach was not enough to modify the mortality profile of ABP, further studies on the treatment of inflammatory responses should be carried out.

OBJETIVO: Avaliou-se a influência do acesso aos recursos assistenciais e tecnológicos sobre a mortalidade na pancreatite aguda biliar (PAB). MÉTODOS: Os casos de PAB tratados num hospital universitário foram estudados em dois períodos: 1995 a 1999 e 2000 a 2004, antes e depois da implantação da Regulação Médica. RESULTADOS: Do total de 727 casos com pancreatite aguda atendidos, 267 apresentavam PAB e tiveram a gravidade avaliada pelo escore de APACHE II. Houve redução dos encaminhamentos de casos entre os períodos, de 441 para 286 (p < 0,001). O perfil dos pacientes com PAB no primeiro período (n = 154) e no segundo (n =113) foi semelhante quanto à idade, sexo, gravidade, incidência de colestase e mortalidade. A incidência de pacientes com hematócrito > 44 foi menor no segundo período (p < 0,002). O emprego de colangiografia por ressonância magnética, da colecistectomia por videolaparoscopia e do acesso à terapia intensiva foi significantemente maior no segundo período. A maioria dos óbitos ocorreu até os 14 dias de admissão, 73,4 por cento no primeiro período e 81,3 por cento no segundo. CONCLUSÃO:A melhora do suporte tecnológico e clínico não foi suficiente para modificar o perfil de mortalidade na PAB, o que indica a necessidade de avaliar terapêuticas para a sua resposta inflamatória.

Role of prophylactic antibiotic administration in severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis

To carry out a meta-analysis of published studies in order to evaluate the clinical efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis [SAP]. MEDLINE, China Biological Medicine, Embase and Cochrane Data Base for Systematic Reviews were searched for randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in patients with SAP from 1966 to 2004. Six studies met our inclusion criteria. Two authors [G.S.X. and Z.H.W.] independently extracted the following data from these studies: trial design, characteristics of participants and outcomes. Data were analyzed by Revman 4.2 software. In patients with SAP, prophylactic antibiotics, including broad-spectrum antibiotics that usually achieve therapeutic pancreatic tissue levels, did not reduce pancreatic infection [relative risk, RR, 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.48-1.24, p = 0.28], surgical intervention [RR 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.40-1.74, p = 0.64] and mortality rate [RR 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.28-1.04, p = 0.07]. Prophylactic antibiotic administration is not an appropriate treatment strategy in patients with SAP, it should be limited in patients with pancreatic necrosis, as demonstrated by computerized tomography

Análisis crítico de un artículo

Objective: To compare the safety and clinical outcomes of enteral and parenteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis. Data sources: Medline, Embase, Cochrane controlled trials register, and citation review of relevant primary and review articles. Study selection: Randomized controlled studies that compared enteral nutrition with parenteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis. From 117 articles screened, six were identified as randomized controlled trials and were included for data extraction. Data extraction: Six studies with 263 participants were analyzed. Descriptive and outcome data were extracted. Main outcome measures were infections, complications other than infections, operative interventions, length of hospital stay, and mortality. The metaanalysis was performed with the random effects model. Data synthesis: Enteral nutrition was associated with a significantly lower incidence of infections (relative risk 0.45; 95% confidence interval 0.26 to 0.78, P= 0.004), reduced surgical interventions to control pancreatitis (0.48, 0.22 to 1.0, P= 0.05), and a reduced length of hospital stay (mean reduction 2.9 days, 1.6 days to 4.3 days, P <0.001). There were no significant differences in mortality (relative risk 0.66, 0.32 to 1.37, P = 0.3) or non-infectious complications (0.61, 0.31 to 1.22, P= 0.16) between the two groups of patients. Conclusions: Enteral nutrition should be the preferred route of nutritional support in patients with acute pancreatitis.

Actualización en pancreatitis aguda: Hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke 1997-2001 / Updating in acute pancreatitis: Hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke 1997-2001

El diagnóstico adecuado de pancreatitis aguda (P.A.) leve o grave tiene gran implicancia pronóstica y terapéutica. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo-comparativo, desde 1997 al 2001, obteniendo una muestra de 170 fichas clínicas correspondientes al Hospital Dr. G. Fricke, selecionadas azarosamente, con diagnóstico de egreso de "Pancreatitis Aguda". Se evaluó la clínica al ingreso, exámenes de laboratorio, TAC de abdomen según la clasificación de Balthazar y evolución de la enfermedad. Encontramos u 67.3 por ciento de P.A. leves y 32.7 por ciento graves.